Grammar game



Aug. 29, 1950 L. D. NORTHROP GRAMMAR GAME 5 Sheet's-Sheet 1 April 25, 1947 FIG.\8. H617. FlG.l6.

INVENTOR. w Lucille Duke Northrop FIG.

QTRW,

ATTORNEY Aug. 29, 1950 L. D. NORTHROP GRAMMAR GAME 5 SheetsSheet 2 Filed April 23, 1947 NVENTOR. Lucille Duke No ihrop FIG l9 FIG 20 FIG.2|.

FIG 22 ATTORNEY Aug. 29, 1950 Filed April 23, 1947 FIG. 23.

FIG. 24.

FIG.

| D. NORTHROP GRAMMAR GAME 4 S SheetS-Sheet 3 house INVENTOR.

Luc zille Duke Norrhrop ATTORNEY Aug. 29, 1950 Filed April 23, 1947 FIG. 27.

FIG. 28.

FIG. 29.

L. D. NORTHRQP 2,520,649

GRAMMAR GAME 5 Sheets-Sheet 4 INVENTOR. Lucille Duke Northrop Artornev Aug. 29, 1950 1.. D. NORTHROP 2,520,549

GRAMMAR GAME 5 Sheets-Sheet 5 Filed April 25, 1947 FlG.30.- m l 62 74 f. g g 78 To walk 88 I00 84 2: 90 on 92 o 48 82 40 ran INVENTOR. Lucille Duke Norrhrop Atrornev Patented Aug. 29, 1950 UNITED STATES.

oral-cs 6- Claims.

The present invention relates generally. to the held of education and more particularly to- -an improved method and apparatus ior' facilitating the study of grammar,

' The principal object of the invention is-to develop in--a student independent ability in con-- structin 'correctgrammatical sentences by providing a plurality-of individual elements repre senting 'difierent Words 1 Y which may I be assembled in accordance with aprearranged plan a and a which are structurally related to the various parts'of speech in such manner that they may onlybe assembled incorrect syntactical arrangements.

Another object-of the'inv'ention is to provide grammar study-apparatus-of the general type described" which-maybe-readily employed invarious' games for the purpose of mere entertain-- mentas' Well as for sustaining student interest during seriousstudy. A further object of the invention is to provide apparatus oi the typedescribed Wherein'certain of: the" playing elements includeindicia of person and .of' number which maybe readily matched with similar indicia uponother elements to"indicate grammatical-agreement;

Yet another object" of the invention-is to provide a method of studying grammar combining a visual" and factual approach'wherein the various playing elements are; distinctive-both .intrinsically, as by reason"orcharacteristic shape, color, or the l'ike, and functionally, as by notches", grooves,.orcontour, to'insure correct interfitting.

An additional object of the invention 'is to provide aninstructive game ofthegeneraltypedescribed which will be. of particular utility'in' connection with the'teaching" of'children' by reason of its colorful and attractive nature.

Other. objects andadvantages of the invention will become apparent during'the course of the following description.

In the drawings I have shown one embodiment of the invention. In this showing Figs. 1 to 18, inclusive, are plan views respectively illustrating preferred forms of sentence base structure and various characteristic parts of speech 'playi'ng elements embodying distinctive colors and interengagingportions adapted for assembly in accordance with the principles of the present invention; and I Figs. 19 to 39, inclusive, are plan views respectively illustratin twelve diiierent assemblies of the game elementsiofFigs; 1 tov 18,. inclusive, corresponding to twelve difi'erent. rounds of a typical game in accordance'with the invention.

Referring now in more detail to the various figures of the drawings, the individual playing elements selected for purposes of; illustration in Figs. 1 to 18' inclusive, are of'a tangiblecharacter andumay be typically iormedof cardboard, wood, metal, plastics, orthe like, 'E'achof the elements is relatively flat and thin and as will.- be noted from the. cross-hatching ofFigs. 1 .to 18 is preferably provided with :a characteristic color for ready identification. E01: the sake of clarity this crosshatching has been: omitted from Figs. 19-30, inclusive, and 'fo'r the same reason the .wordsqof Figs. 19 0 have beien omitted; from theelement forms of-"Figs. 1 -to- 18, although it-twill. be understood that 1 in actual practice. each individualelement is provided bothwithadistinctive color and a specific word designation and. where appropriate'also includes 'indicia of person. and number as fllustrated'inl ig. 19. It will also .be apparent that the various elements may, if idesi-red; be of substantial thickness and. have; the general-appearance-oia set of building blocks.

The base-oi the sentence is 'ilI-u'strated in' Fig. 1 and is designated generally by reference numeral" 32. This element does not-in itself constitute a "part of speech but is employed merely as a foundation=-upon -which the variouselements maybe built-iirto-complete sentence for-ms. To

a this end the -base" 32 is provided withtwo outawaypor'tions "34* and 36-, respectively, the cutaway' portion-"34 being generally'trapezoidal in shape'with straight-sides intersecting to form sharp angles and the cuta'way portion 36 being roughly rectangular but having pronounced rounded corners giving this portion-somewhat the appearance-Ufa boat. The'two portions 3-4 andfisrepresenting the-major sentence divisions are separated-by acentral" wall 40 and are re-- spectivelyadaptedto-contain the subject and predicate" of a" sentence. -As indicated in Fig. 1,

the base of these'ntenceis white although it-may be given a-distinctivecolor "if-desired in order that it may be even morere'adily distinguished from the playing elements.

"Since theportion 34 ofthebase dlis-adapted toreceive a word constituting the subject or the sentence; it is accordingly constructed so asto properl-y-receive='-only anelement representing a noun or a pronoun'in the-nominative ease. Figs. 2* and" 3; respectively, illustrate elements 42" and E i-constituting a-noun and a pronoun in the nominative case audit-Willbe; noted that the trapezoidal onkeystone -s-hape of these elementsis-such that either maybe engaged within'the space td compl'etely fil-lihg the latter. -In'- addi tion to the fact that eacl-rof the noun and-pro noun elements 4*? and-4'4 will normally beprovided with a" Word designation uponits face; these elementsarepreferably oidifferent color for easy identification. It-will also' be noted thatthe top edgesof-bbtlr noun-and pronoun elements 42 and M. are serrated-or provided with a-plurality of'V- shaped"notches. 16 and .4'8',-respectively, for areason?" whicli'will hereinaiterbe" more fully ex-r may be substituted therefor in a properly constructed sentence provided the proper case is em- ,7

ployed.

As mentioned above, the predicate of the sentence is adapted to be constructed upon the por-. 3-

tion 36 at the right-hand side of the base 32 which accordingly can properly engage and be filled only by one of the similarly shaped forms indicated in Figs. '7, 8, 9, and 10. Thus each of the elements illustrated in Figs. 7-10 represents a verbform tobe described in detail below and is provided with an external contour enabling it to fill the cutaway portion 36.

As shown in Fig. 10,.the element 56 represents a complete verb which may be either transitive or intransitive in form and which in either case completely fills the space 36 constituting the predicate. The element 50 represents an action verb and is transitive if the subject is acted upon and intransitive if the subject does the acting. It

will also be noted that the top edge of the element 50 is scallopedor provided with a plurality of evenly spaced grooves 52, the sides of which are smoothly curved in contrast to the straight intersecting sidesof the notches 46 and 48 of the nounand pronoun elements 42 and 44 illustrated in Figs. 2 and 3. The complete verb may either show action or a state of being but in any case itsv concrete representation must completely fill the predicate space 36. a

The elementillustrated in Fig. 9 and desig-; nated by reference numeral 54 constitutes an alternative verb form to that illustrated in Fig 10. The element 54 however, represents an incomplete verb of the linking or copulative type involving no action and is always intransitive. It willbe noted that the element 54 does not completelyfill the predicate space 36 to the extent that it is provided with a cutaway portion 56 identical in shape to the cutaway portion 34 which latter is adapted to receive the subject in the sentence space 32. The space 56 accordinglycan be filled only by a noun or pronoun in the nominative case as represented by either of the elements 42 or 44 so that in order to provide a complete predicate the incomplete verb form represented by element 54 must include such a.

noun or pronoun in the nominative case constituting a predicate nominative.

A third predicate modification is illustrated'in Fig. 8, wherein an element 58. is shown as havin thus be apparent that the element 58 does not,

ecompletely fill the predicate which can only be completed by the addition of another word ele-i The element which ment to fill the space 60. fills the space 60 is designated by reference numeral 62 in Fig. 17 and constitutes the concrete;

representation of an adjective which is called a predicate adjective when used to fill the space 60. The fourth verb modification is illustrated invv Fig. 7, and is represented by an element 64 hav-Q ing the characteristic outline of the predicate form. The element 64 represents an incomplete action verb of the type which is always transitive and includes a, plurality of notches 66 along its upper edge having curved sides similar to the notches 52 of the verb element 50 illustrated in Fig. 10. It will be noted, however, that the element 64 does not completely fill the predicate by reason of a rectangular cutaway portion 68 in its upper right-hand corner. The verb element 64 can only constitute a complete predicate when the space 68 is filled in by a noun or pronoun in the objective case which is called a direct object.

The elements respectively designating a noun and a' pronoun in the objective case are illustrated in Figs. 4 and 5 and are designated by ref erence numerals 16 and 12. It will be noted that the elements 70 and 12 embody the same characteristic colors as the respective elements 42 and 44 representing nouns and pronouns in the nominative case, the exterior contour being varied to indicate the case difference which controls correct usage. The elements 10 and F2 are also provided with a plurality of straight sided notches l4 and 16, respectively, along their upper edges similar to the notches 46 and 4 8 in the elements 42 and '44. Since by abstract definition a noun is a word that names a person, place or thing,.

and a pronoun is the word that takes the place of a noun, the physical embodiments thereof are identical with the exception of the distinguishing colors and the two modifications representing the nominative and objective cases of each are provided so that only the nominative case may be used in the subject. 7 e

The characteristic shape of the element 62 representing theadjective form as illustrated in Fig.1? has already been described as generally. that of a, rectangle having one end pointed as' indicated by reference numeral T8 in Fig. 17. By its abstract definition an adjective is a word that points out. a noun or pronoun by telling whichone, what kind, or how many, and accord- 7 ingly it will be seen that the pointed end l8v is so shaped that the element 62 can only be'properly engaged with one of the notches 46, 48, 14 or 16 or, in other words, the adjective can only be used with a noun or pronoun in either the nominative or. objective case. At its top end the adjective element 62 is provided with a relatively narrow roundedgroove 86 for a purpose which will hereinafter be more fully explained.

Referring specifically to Fig. 6 there are illustrated three special forms which are quite similar to the adjective elements 62.

In Fig. 15 there is illustrated an element 82 quite similar to the adjective element 62, having a curved notch 84 at its upper edge similar to the notch 66 but having its bottom portion formed as a' smoothly curved contour designated by reference numeral 66 instead of the sharp pointed end l8 ofthe adjective element 62. The element '82 represents an adverb which by abstract definition, is generally employed to round out the meaning o ffa verb by telling how when, or where. It is- These elements. in Fig. 6 as indicated by the words written thereon" subordinate conjunction is not employed ink:

to be particularly notedathatithe sm t ly curved end 86 is so contoured that it can onlyheipmhnlflw enga ed withinxone oi the? curved notche 15.2. for 66 of the elementsrfic?audits-respectively.orein other words, the adverb can onlyxbe used-witn a verb.

Referring to Fig. idythere .istillustratedeneie ment 88 generally similar to the elementrfiwalid representing-amodified..formioi'zadverbof;thetyne employed "to-"round out :an adjective or :zanether adverb by telling, for example, how much or to What degree. It willben'ote'd that the bottom end 96 of the element 88 is. formed inai ""Qthlll ed contour similarto, thejbot ini 11585 of thei'aidyerb 'elein ntlll blitiof smaj r" sions so that it "'c'an 'onlybe properly withimone ofthe smoothly curved notches fiill or 84. Thus the modified adverb element. i88 =can onliy be'used with" an adje'ct'iveor another adverb.

Figs; 11 and 2' i-llustrate"two eI'ements EiZ- and i4. respectivelty representing modified forms. of propositions. By '--abstract' definition a I preposi-r tionis a word'showi'ng the relation between' 'anoun orapronoun andsome other word: in the sentence and is: commonly usedrto introduce a phrase or group offlwlords used as a singlefpart of "speech. Th'e preposi'ti'on may thus be. used with"'either a noun, pronoun, or verb, audacc'o'rdingly the element *9-2 is :provided' with a roun'dcd end P98 adapted to 'beproperl'y engaged with onelofut'he grooves 52. eraseand the element 54 is 1 provided with a pointed end es adapted for similar engagement within one of the pointed groovesine; so; TM, or RT 6%. In'any event theprepositton must. -befol lcny'ed -.by"a noun or pronoun inthdobjetive case and accordingly the elements 92 "and are provided with openings 1% and M2, respectively, of "generally rectangular shape and adapted to receive only one of the elements wor 2. Itai's to be noted both Figs; I1 and 1-2 thattheelements e2 and M representing preposie tionsaregenerallyof the same shape being characteristically of a "T for mation.

Re'ferriing' now to Figs. 13 and: l ljthere are il lustrated two elements PM and l ilfi respectively representing two difi'erent modifications :of. the part-of speech kn'own as the conjunction its abstract definition a conjunction is a linking Wordend in the two rnodifications illustrated is Show as' either acomplete ring or torus asin r 'a partial ri'ng-.,as-'inl3, th'eform'er representing a 1 coordinate=conjunction andthe latter i 'e'presenting a subordinate conjunction. The coordinate conjunction is shown as a seru plete'r i'ng si nce' it'can only beempl-oyed to join words or=word elements ofidentical shape and 'the npiesentences so that it is'not represented as a complete ring. Thus the coordinate conjunction may link twoadverbs; two adjectives} two nouns,

twopronouns, or a noun and J-a pronoun both "of which are in the same case.

In Fig. 18 there is illustrated an element tea roughly similar in shape to anexclamationpoint and representing the part of speech knownas the interjection. By its abstract definition-an enter.- jecticn isqa ordthat expresses strong feeling or emotion and may be employed in various-positions or arrangements a sentence. Thus-the element 198 is not provided with any characten istic contour-adapted'to fit in assembly'withother wor ds' inrthe sentence since the interjection-ac.- i fi li ychaswnostructuralrelation'to anyothertpart of speech in the sentence.

From the fioregoingizdescription now zbe apparent that eachiof the ielements illustrated in Figs. 2 to 18, inclusive, is providedwithlsome distinctive characteristic feature which'readil-y identifies the part of speech underwhich tlie word which the element represents is normally classi fled. In addition to the readily identifiable; eharactor of the various elements it will also .be noted that each is soconstructed that it can be assembled with various'otl-ii'er elements only in correct syntactical arrangements. In order t'o i l" lustrate the principlesrof the.-invention still'fur ther there is described below atypicaliitgame in which the various partsxof speech ele'mentswmay be employed.

Theobject. of thegameisitobuild correct grarnmatioal sentences by-assembling the various ele ments together in proper relationship. Any number of players may'participate'intlie game. and they will be'seated abouta table or other playing area in such manner that the pl' iymay progressin turn to the left in" a clockwise fashion unless-otherwise directed. V

The game is played in rounds arranged'in'such manner that successive rounds represent logi'ca'l developments in the building of sentences and become increasingly complex as the game proe grosses. The number of playing .SlQmBIIlliSfii-Q- quired must necessarily vary for each I-Dllii'ld'flfi the difierent parts-.of speech are added-to the sentences increasingly complex and of there must be a limit to the number-of words represented by playing elements so that iaanywliea sonable number of different words may be used.

Preferably certainof'the players are designated as officials of the game although nonplayers may be so ch osen if desired. 'A refereeischosen to render a decision in case ofdisag r eement among the players-as to the-meaningofany particular sentence. The'test in-ev'ery case is whether or not the sentence makes sense if challenged, aplayer must justify themeaning of the words representedby the assembled elements. The refereesdecision cannot be challenged so that the particular element cannot be eliminated from the construction of a given sentence subsequent to the. referees. decision that, it is playable. In-addition. to the referee a scorer is ordinarilyprovided to 'keep'the point scores and a scribe to write out the sentences when necessary.

The scoring 'value ofeach of thevarious' parts of speech is as follows:

Parts of speech Scoring value Noun -l '14) Verb "10 Pronoun 1 0 Adjective -l 5 Adverb '5 Proposition 3 Conjunction .2 Interjection I 1 SUMMARY OF ROUNDS- AND 'PARTS OF I sPEEcHUsED IN EACH Round I Nouns P-3 (nominative case) Verbs (complete) Sentence composed ofone nounand-one -verb. sentence scoring Valuer"i ilmninil n zfl Roun'd II Adjectives (article) V Nouns S-3 (nominative case) Verbs (complete) Sentence composed of one noun, one verb, one adjective. Sentence scoring value Round III Round IV Adverbs (time, place, manner) Nouns P-3, S-3 (nominative case) Verbs (complete) Adjectives (article, descriptive) Sentence composed of one noun, one verb, three adjectives, one adverb.

Sentence scoring value Round V Adverbs (time, place, manner, degree) Nouns P-3, S-3 (nominative case) Verbs (complete) Adjectives (article, descriptive) Sentence composed of one noun, one verb, three adjectives, two adverbs.-

Sentence scoring value Round VI Pronouns P-3, S-3 (nominative case) Nouns P-3, S-3 (nominative case) Verbs (complete) Adjectives (articles, descriptive) Adverbs (time, place, manner, degree) Sentence composed of one noun, one verb, three adjectives, two adverbs, one pronoun;

Sentence scoring value Round VII Verbs (incomplete, requiring predicate nominative) Nouns P 3, S-3 (nominative case) Pronouns P-3, S-3 (nominative case) Adjectives (articles, descriptive) Sentence composition varies with the game. Sentence scoring'value varies with the game.

Round VIII Verbs (incomplete, requiring predicate adjective) Nouns P-3, S-3. (nominative case) Pronouns P-3, S-3 (nominative case) Adjectives (article, descriptive) Sentence composition varies with the game. Sentence scoring value varies with the game.

Round IX Verbs (incomplete, requiring direct object) Nouns and pronouns P-3, S-3 (nominative case) Nouns and pronouns (objective case) Adjectives (articles, descriptive) Adverbs (time, place, manner, degree) Sentence composition varies with the game. Sentence scoring value varies with the game.

- Round XI Conjunctions Nouns and pronouns P-3, S-3 (nominative case) Nouns and pronouns (objective case) Verbs (complete) Adjectives (articles, descriptive) Adverbs (time, place, manner) Prepositions Sentence composition varies with the game.

Sentence scoring value varies with the game.

Round XII Interjections All other parts of speech Sentence composition varies with the game. Sentence scoring value varies with the game.

Typical sentences constructed in accordance with the twelve rounds above are illustrated respectively in Figs. 19-30 of the drawings and the following is a typical playing procedure for Round I: Referring to the definition of Round I in the summary, it willrbe noted that the object of this round is to construct a sentence composed of one noun in the nominative case and one complete verb. Accordingly, all the elements 42 rep.- resenting nouns in the nominative case are placed in a pile face down upon the tab-1e. All of the complete verb elements 50 are similarly placed in a separate pile also face down on the table. Each player is provided with a sentence base element 32 and draws in turn from the two piles. As an element is drawn, the player attempts to fit it into the base element 32 to form a complete sentence under the round definition and if the subject and predicate do not agree or make sense, then the element cannot be played and the player must drop out of the game. If a complete sentence is formed, the player continues in the game and the elements continue to be drawn in order by the various players around the, table substituting nouns and verbs alternately until all of the players except one have been forced out of the game, Thus if at any stage of the game a player fails to draw a part which makes sense and thus constitutes a sentence, he must return the part to its proper center pile and drop out of the game. When only one player is left in the game, he is the winner and the scores are then totaled, counting ten points for each noun and each verb in the players possession at the end of the game. Where only two or three people are playing, the game may be won on the basis of the first player to score an arbitrary number of points. V

A typical sentence under Round I is illustrated in Fig. 19 which may be read as follows: Boys wen Sentences constructed by the same procedure in accordance with the other rounds of the game are illustrated in Figs. 20-30, inclusive, wherein the additional part of speech underlined in the precedin summary of rounds has been added in each example and may be read as follows:

Round II, The wind blew.

Round III, The old brown dog barked.

Round IV, The big white flakes i'ell'gently.

Round V, The tiny pink flower faded very quick- Round VI, He and the little old man ran too fast.

Round VII, The men are good farmers.

Round VIII, The white house looked old.

Round IX, The young boys held themselves very erectly.

Round X, He lived in a small house.

XI, The. little: girl. slept. well in: sott androcmy bed.

Round; .Xlh. Alas; the martin; the:- darkibl'ue suit sprained his. ankle: because: he: ran: too swiftly oaths-rough andiweirwa '1 Referring now particularly to Fig. 19, it wih be noted" that the elements; 42' and 59 include a number of additionallmarkings'thereon comprising several. additional words in the case. of the verb element 50' andii'n each caseincluding var.- ious indicia .of' person and number. The notation is quite simple, consisting merely of the letters S and P? designating singular; and plural respectively, together'with the" numbers I, 2 and. 3, respectively; designating first, second and third person. Where the verb element 50, as in the case illustrated in Fig. 19, represents the past tense of a verb; that form is free and accordingly has no identification number but is located in ,a central position 'on the element. Thus-in Fig. 19, went i's'in the past tensev and will agree-with its subject regardless" of What the latter may be. However, it Willb'e noted in Fig. 19 that the subject Boysis designated as third person plural, the corresponding form of which is indicated upon the verb element 59 for the present and present perfect tenses including the correct form of the auxiliary verb has or have. Thus" the sentence of Fig. 191may'be readusing' the free'form of the verb (past tense) as Boys went.and-; matchin indicia, may also he' read as Boys go. and Boys have gone.

Fromthe aboveit will be apparent that the game elements of the present invention also-provitletraining in application of the grammatical rule of agreement between verb and subject by the provision of indicia which may be readily matched. Although such in'dicia are shown" only upon the elements i'nzFig. 19; it is to be understoodthat similar indici'aare provided upon every such element sot-hatskillin recognition and corplayer in addition'to his regular point scoreasa reward for properly matching subject andpredicate inthe' varioussentences of therounds in such manner" that the sentence may be read using these tenses.

It will be note'd that the verb elements do not indicate thecorrect usage ofthe present perfect,

past perfect and future perfect tenses as the elemerits do not provide suih'cient space to contain this information. However, the most common verberrors are found either as errors inagreement such as We was'instead of' We were or'confusion of the-past and perfect tenses such as I seen for I saw and I have went'"'for I'have gone. Glaringerrors in agreement ordinarily do notoccur in theiuture tense and such errors as may occur in the ipa'stperfect tense will be autbmaticadly-eliminatedi in connection: with the establishment of correct present perfect forms.

Although the game described above and played asa process of elimination is preferred asastudy method involving the use'of my improvedpart of speech elements, it willbe apparent that numerous other games embodying these same elements may be readily devised. For'example, another such game might be playedinthe form of a quiz programinwwhich the players inturn ant" asquiz 10 master's. 'I'lrms taking RoundI, for example, the quiz: masterwould draw avnoun. and a verb, place them; in position in: the 'base element, and read them. If the elements constitute acomplete sentence, the quiz master then questions the player at his left by' asking him to give the senten'ce using the verb forms having identification numbers matching that of the noun in: the subject. The quiz master may then draw another noun and verb and question each of the remaining playersin turn continuing as long as he can draw nouns and-verbswhich make sense and thus constitute complete sentences.

Ifiatlany time; the quiz master fails to make a complete sentence, his ofiice' passes to the next playerat the left and the game ends when each player has been quiz master a certain number of times. The same game may of course be played for each oi the twelve rounds or may be limited tozs-implesentence forms inasmuch as the principal object of this game is. to develop skill in agreement. In playingthisgame each player may score five points for" each correct answer when-beingquizzed and'asquiz master may score twenty points for each sentence built and five points for each incorrect verb form given by any player questioned.

Although the foregoing description. and illustrationhave-sheen limitedto only two gamesiand while I have described only one round in any considerable detail, it will be obvious that the otherrounds' will besimilarly played, using the required number of the same basicv elements.

It should also be'rroted that. the? use of part" of speech elements in accordance with? the present invention ls'not limited to the" study of? the Englishlanguage assimilarxgame sets maybe providediforuseirr: teaching other languages having regular rules of grammar andagreement. It will Ice-further apparent that'while I- have illustrated preferred characteristic: shapes and'colors for the various part of speech elements, obviously numerous mo'difications, alterations; and deviations from these specific'structures will occur to one skilled in the art without departing from the spirit onscoperof the invention as set forth in the appended claims.

I claim:

INA device of the character described" comprising abase member provided with a pair of recess-escf different conformation, a pair of primary elements respectively representing" the sub- Ject1 and predicate of a, sentence and each hav ing a? portion thereof shaped to conform to' one of said recesses to be placed'therein' and wholly fill said'recess, each-of said primary elements be ing provided with'recesses'difierent from the recesses of. the'other' primary" element and differentfrom' the'rec'esses in said base, and supplemcntary elements representing "words respectively cognate to the subject and predicate of a sentence:- and each having a portion shaped to conform to" and solely receivable in the recesses in one primary element-whollyindependently of said-v base member;

' 2.-'A- device'of" the character described comprising abase-member provided with a pair of 1*ecessesofdifierent conformation, a pair of primary-'-elementsrespectively representing the subjeot and predicate of a sentence and ea-chhav-ing a: portion thereof shaped to conform to oneof said recesses to'be placed therein" and wholly fill said recess, eachof. said primary elements being provided with recesses different from the recesses f t e oth r primary element andldifferent from 'the recesses in said base, the recesses in each primary element being identical with each other,,

and a plurality of supplementary elements representing words cognate to each of the subject and predicate of a sentence, each supplementary element having a portion shaped to conform to l i of said recesses to be placed therein and wholly fill said recess, each of said primary elements being provided with recesses different from the recesses of the other primary element and different from the recesses in said base, the recesses in each primary element being identical with each other, a plurality of supplementary elements representing words cognate to each of the subject and predicate of a sentence, each supplementary element having a portion shaped to conform to the recesses in one of said primary elements to be solely received in one of such recesses wholly independently of said base member with the remainder of such supplementary element projecting from the associated primary element; certain of said supplementary elements having recesses in the portions thereof projecting from the associated primary element different in contour from any of the other of said recesses, and a modifying element representing a part of speech modifying the part of speech represented by one of the recessed supplementary elements and having a portion shaped to conform to the recess in such supplementary element. 1 4. A device of the character described comprising a flat base member adapted to be horizontally arranged on a supporting surface and provided in edge portions thereof with a pair of recesses of different conformation out Vertically therethrough, a pair of flat primary elements respectively representing the subject and predicate of a sentence and each having portions thereof shaped to conform to one of said recesses to be placed therein and wholly fill said recess with said primary elements resting horizontally on the supporting surface, each of said primary elements being provided in an edge portion thereof with 'a recess extending vertically therethrough and different from. each other and different from the recesses in said base, and fiat supplementary elements representing words respectively cognate to the subject and predicate of-a sentence and each having a' portion shaped to conform to and adapted to be solely received in the recess in one of said primary elements wholly independently of said base member with such supplementary element resting on the supporting surface. 7

5. A device of the character described comprising a flat base member adapted to be horizontally arranged on a supporting surface and provided in edge portions thereof with a pair of recesses of different conformation cut vertically therethrough, a pair of flat primary elements respectively representing the subject and predicate of a sentence and each having portions thereof shaped to conform to one of said recesses to be placed therein and wholly fill said recess with said primary elements resting horizontally ion the supporting surface, eachof said primary elements being provided inan edge portion thereof with recesses extending vertically therethrough and different from the recesses of'the other primary element and different from the recesses in said base, the recesses in each primary element being identical with each other, and a plurality of Vflat supplementary elements representing Words cognate to each of the subject and predicate of a sentence, each supplementary element having an edge portion shaped to conform to each of the recesses in one of said primary elements to be solely received in one of such recesses wholly independently of said base member when such supplementary element is lying flat on the supporting surface, each supplementary element, when said portion thereof is arranged in a recess in one of said primary elements, projecting horizontally from such primary element.

6. A device of the character described comprising a fiat base member adapted to be horizontally arranged on a supporting surface and provided in edge portions thereof with a pair of recesses of different conformation cut vertically therethrough, a pair of fiat primary elements re-;

spectively representing the subject and predicate of a sentence and each having portions thereof shaped to conform to one of said recesses to be placed therein and wholly fill said recess with said primary elements resting horizontally on the supporting surface, each of said primary elements being provided in an edge portion thereof with recesses extending vertically therethrough and different from the recesses of the other primary element and different from the recesses in said base, the recesses in each primary element being identical with each other, a plurality of fiat supplementary elements representing Words cognate to each of the subject and predicate of a sentence, each supplementary element having an edge portion shaped to conform to each of the recesses in one of said primary elements to be solely received in one of such recesses wholly independently of said base member when such supplementary element is lying flat on the supporting surface, each supplementary element, when said portion thereof is arranged in a recess in one of said primary elements, projecting horizontally from such primary element, one of said supplementary elements having a-recess in the portion thereof projecting from the primary element with which it is associated, said recess in such supplementary element being different in contour to any of the other of said recesses, and a fiat horizontal modifying element representing a part of speech modifying the part of speech represented by the recessed supplementary element and having an edge portion shaped to-conform to and to be received in the recess in such supplementary element,

LUCIILE D. NORTHROP.

REFERENCESV' CITED The following references are of record in the file of this patent:

UNITED STATES PATENTS Number Name Date 1,396,379 Moore Nov. 8, 1921 2,278,327 Magnus et a1 Mar. 31, 1942 2,415,342 Donner Feb. 4, 1947 FOREIGN PATENTS,

Number Country Date 433,265 Germany Sept. 2, 1926 

